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Maheshwer B, Paliobeis A, Halkiadakis P, Konda S, Calcei JG, Voos JE.
Anterior cruciate ligament tears in the adolescent population: injury demographics and risk of reinjury among high school athletes.
J Pediatr Orthop
. 2023;43(10):591-597. doi:10.1097/BPO.0000000000002505
Cleveland Clinic. ACL tear. Accessed November 13, 2024.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16576-acl-tear
Mayo Clinic. ACL injury: symptoms & causes. Diseases & Conditions. Accessed November 13, 2024.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acl-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350738
van der List JP, Jonkergouw A, van Noort A, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, DiFelice GS.
Identifying candidates for arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament: A case-control study.
Knee
. 2019;26(3):619-627. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2019.02.004
Vermeijden HD, van der List JP, O'Brien R, DiFelice GS.
Return to sports following arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament in the adult population.
Knee
. 2020;27(3):906-914. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2020.04.001
Connolly PT, Zittel KW, Panish BJ, Rigor PD, Argintar EH.
A comparison of postoperative pain between anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and repair.
Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol
. 2021;31(7):1403-1409. doi:10.1007/s00590-020-02859-0
Vermeijden HD, van der List JP, O'Brien R, DiFelice GS.
Patients forget about their operated knee more following arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament than following reconstruction.
Arthroscopy
. 2020;36(3):797-804. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.09.041
van der List JP, DiFelice GS.
Range of motion and complications following primary repair versus reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament.
Knee
. 2017;24(4):798-807. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2017.04.007
Benea H, d'Astorg H, Klouche S, Bauer T, Tomoaia G, Hardy P.
Pain evaluation after all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and short term functional results of a prospective randomized study.
Knee
. 2014;21(1):102-106. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2013.09.006
Lubowitz JH, Schwartzberg R, Smith P.
Randomized controlled trial comparing all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a full tibial tunnel.
Arthroscopy
. 2013;29(7):1195-1200. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2013.04.009
Lopes R, Klouche S, Odri G, Grimaud O, Lanternier H, Hardy P.
Does retrograde tibial tunnel drilling decrease subchondral bone lesions during ACL reconstruction? a prospective trial comparing retrograde to antegrade technique.
Knee
. 2016;23(1):111-115. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2015.09.010
Blackman AJ, Stuart MJ.
All-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
J Knee Surg
. 2014;27(5):347-352. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1381960
Bodendorfer BM, Michaelson EM, Shu HT, et al.
Suture augmented versus standard anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a matched comparative analysis.
Arthroscopy
. 2019;35(7):2114-2122. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.01.054
van der List JP, DiFelice GS.
Primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament: a paradigm shift
.
Surgeon
. 2017;15(3):161-168. doi:10.1016/j.surge.2016.09.006
Lowenstein NA, Haber DB, Ostergaard PJ, Collins JE, Matzkin EG.
All-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using quadrupled semitendinosus: comparable 2-year outcomes in male and female patients.
Arthroscopy
. 2021;37(10):3140-3148. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2021.03.077
Arthrex, Inc. Arthrex receives FDA clearance for TightRope® implant as first, only device cleared for pediatric ACL surgery. Accessed November 13, 2024. https://newsroom.arthrex.com/2023-01-10-Arthrex-Receives-FDA-Clearance-for-TightRope-R-Implant-as-First,-Only-Device-Cleared-for-Pediatric-ACL-Surgery
Matsuzaki Y, Chipman DE, Hidalgo Perea S, Green DW.
Unique considerations for the pediatric athlete during rehabilitation and return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil
. 2022;4(1):e221-e230. doi:10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.037
Daniel AV, Wijdicks CA, Smith PA.
Reduced incidence of revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with internal brace augmentation.
Orthop J Sports Med
. 2023;11(7):23259671231178026. doi:10.1177/23259671231178026
Wilson WT, Kennedy MJ, MacLeod D, Hopper GP, MacKay GM.
Outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with independently tensioned suture tape augmentation at 5-year follow-up.
Am J Sports Med
. 2023;51(14):3658-3664. doi:10.1177/03635465231207623
About ACL Injuries
Mayo Clinic. ACL injury: symptoms & causes. Diseases & Conditions. Accessed March 26, 2025.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acl-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350738
Vermeijden HD, van der List JP, O'Brien R, DiFelice GS.
Return to sports following arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament in the adult population.
Knee
. 2020;27(3):906-914. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2020.04.001
Vermeijden HD, van der List JP, O'Brien R, DiFelice GS.
Patients forget about their operated knee more following arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament than following reconstruction.
Arthroscopy
. 2020;36(3):797-804. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.09.041
Douoguih WA, Zade RT, Bodendorfer BM, Siddiqui Y, Lincoln AE.
Anterior cruciate ligament repair with suture augmentation for proximal avulsion injuries.
Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil
. 2020;2(5):e475-e480. doi:10.1016/j.asmr.2020.05.003
van der List JP, DiFelice GS.
Role of tear location on outcomes of open primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament: a systematic review of historical studies.
Knee
. 2017;24(5):898-908. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2017.05.009
van der List JP, Mintz DN, DiFelice GS.
The location of anterior cruciate ligament tears: a prevalence study using magnetic resonance imaging.
Orthop J Sports Med
. 2017;5(6):2325967117709966. doi:10.1177/2325967117709966
Treatment Options: Repair
van der List JP, DiFelice GS.
Range of motion and complications following primary repair versus reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament.
Knee
. 2017;24(4):798-807. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2017.04.007
Vermeijden HD, van der List JP, O'Brien R, DiFelice GS.
Patients forget about their operated knee more following arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament than following reconstruction.
Arthroscopy
. 2020;36(3):797-804. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.09.041
Vermeijden HD, van der List JP, O'Brien R, DiFelice GS.
Return to sports following arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament in the adult population.
Knee
. 2020;27(3):906-914. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2020.04.001
Mayo Clinic. ACL injury: diagnosis & treatment. Diseases & Conditions. Accessed September 22, 2023.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acl-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350744
Connolly PT, Zittel KW, Panish BJ, Rigor PD, Argintar EH.
A comparison of postoperative pain between anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and repair
.
Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol
. 2021;31(7):1403-1409. doi:10.1007/s00590-020-02859-0
Douoguih WA, Zade RT, Bodendorfer BM, Siddiqui Y, Lincoln AE.
Anterior cruciate ligament repair with suture augmentation for proximal avulsion injuries.
Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil
. 2020;2(5):e475-e480. doi:10.1016/j.asmr.2020.05.003
van der List JP, DiFelice GS.
Primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament: a paradigm shift.
Surgeon
. 2017;15(3):161-168. doi:10.1016/j.surge.2016.09.006
van der List JP, DiFelice GS.
Role of tear location on outcomes of open primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament: a systematic review of historical studies.
Knee
. 2017;24(5):898-908. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2017.05.009
Treatment Options: Reconstruction
Benea H, d'Astorg H, Klouche S, Bauer T, Tomoaia G, Hardy P.
Pain evaluation after all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and short term functional results of a prospective randomized study.
Knee
. 2014;21(1):102-106. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2013.09.006
Lubowitz JH, Schwartzberg R, Smith P.
Randomized controlled trial comparing all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a full tibial tunnel.
Arthroscopy
. 2013;29(7):1195-1200. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2013.04.009
Lopes R, Klouche S, Odri G, Grimaud O, Lanternier H, Hardy P.
Does retrograde tibial tunnel drilling decrease subchondral bone lesions during ACL reconstruction? a prospective trial comparing retrograde to antegrade technique.
Knee
. 2016;23(1):111-115. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2015.09.010
Blackman AJ, Stuart MJ.
All-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
J Knee Surg
. 2014;27(5):347-352. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1381960
van der List JP, DiFelice GS.
Primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament: a paradigm shift.
Surgeon
. 2017;15(3):161-168. doi:10.1016/j.surge.2016.09.006
Lowenstein NA, Haber DB, Ostergaard PJ, Collins JE, Matzkin EG.
All-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using quadrupled semitendinosus: comparable 2-year outcomes in male and female patients.
Arthroscopy
. 2021;37(10):3140-3148. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2021.03.077
Xerogeanes JW, Godfrey W, Gebrelul A, et al.
Clinical outcomes of all soft tissue quadriceps tendon autograft in ACL reconstruction
.
Orthop J Sports Med
. 2017;5(7 suppl6):2325967117S00310. doi:10.1177/2325967117S00310
Smith PA, Cook CS, Bley JA.
All-inside quadrupled semitendinosus autograft shows stability equivalent to patellar tendon autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: randomized controlled trial in athletes 24 years or younger.
Arthroscopy
. 2020;36(6):1629-1646. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2020.01.048
Bodendorfer BM, Michaelson EM, Shu HT, et al.
Suture augmented versus standard anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a matched comparative analysis.
Arthroscopy
. 2019;35(7):2114-2122. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.01.054
Vermeijden HD, van der List JP, O'Brien R, DiFelice GS.
Return to sports following arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament in the adult population.
Knee
. 2020;27(3):906-914. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2020.04.001
Mayo Clinic. ACL injury: diagnosis & treatment. Diseases & Conditions. Accessed September 22, 2023.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acl-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350744
Shani RH, Umpierez E, Nasert M, Hiza EA, Xerogeanes J.
Biomechanical comparison of quadriceps and patellar tendon grafts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Arthroscopy
. 2016;32(1):71-75. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2015.06.051
Lind M, Nielsen TG, Soerensen OG, Mygind-Klavsen B, Faunø P.
Quadriceps tendon grafts does not cause patients to have inferior subjective outcome after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction than do hamstring grafts: a 2-year prospective randomised controlled trial.
Br J Sports Med
. 2020;54(3):183-187. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101000
Runer A, Csapo R, Hepperger C, Herbort M, Hoser C, Fink C.
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions with quadriceps tendon autograft result in lower graft rupture rates but similar patient-reported outcomes as compared with hamstring tendon autograft: a comparison of 875 patients.
Am J Sports Med
. 2020;48(9):2195-2204. doi:10.1177/0363546520931829
Horstmann H, Petri M, Tegtbur U, Felmet G, Krettek C, Jagodzinski M.
Quadriceps and hamstring tendon autografts in ACL reconstruction yield comparably good results in a prospective, randomized controlled trial.
Arch Orthop Trauma Surg
. 2022;142(2):281-289. doi:10.1007/s00402-021-03862-8
Dhammi IK, Rehan-Ul-Haq, Kumar S.
Graft choices for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Indian J Orthop
. 2015;49(2):127-128. doi:10.4103/0019-5413.152393
Mohtadi NG, Chan DS, Dainty KN, Whelan DB.
Patellar tendon versus hamstring tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament rupture in adults.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev
. 2011;2011(9):CD005960. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005960.pub2
Frank RM, Hamamoto JT, Bernardoni E, et al.
ACL reconstruction basics: quadruple (4-strand) hamstring autograft harvest
.
Arthrosc Tech
. 2017;6(4):e1309-e1313. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2017.05.024
Benner RW, Shelbourne KD.
The Case for the Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Autograft with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
. In: The Anterior Cruciate Ligament. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2018:78-80.
Hacken BA, Keyt LK, Leland DP, et al.
A novel scoring instrument to assess donor site morbidity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a patellar tendon autograft at 2-year follow-up using contemporary graft-harvesting techniques.
Orthop J Sports Med
. 2020;8(6):2325967120925482. doi:10.1177/2325967120925482
Iosifidis MI, Tsarouhas A.
Allografts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
.
Sports Injuries
. 2010;421-430. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15630-4_58
Greaves LL, Hecker AT, Brown CH Jr.
The effect of donor age and low-dose gamma irradiation on the initial biomechanical properties of human tibialis tendon allografts.
Am J Sports Med
. 2008;36(7):1358-1366. doi:10.1177/0363546508314394
Ghodadra NS, Mall NA, Grumet R, et al.
Interval arthrometric comparison of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft versus allograft: do grafts attenuate within the first year postoperatively?
Am J Sports Med
. 2012;40(6):1347-1354. doi:10.1177/0363546512440685
Aguila CM, Delcroix GJ, Kaimrajh DN, Milne EL, Temple HT, Latta LL.
Effects of gamma irradiation on the biomechanical properties of peroneus tendons.
Open Access J Sports Med
. 2016;7:123-127. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S109156
Lansdown DA, Riff AJ, Meadows M, Yanke AB, Bach BR Jr.
What factors influence the biomechanical properties of allograft tissue for ACL reconstruction? a systematic review.
Clin Orthop Relat Res
. 2017;475(10):2412-2426. doi:10.1007/s11999-017-5330-926.
Allograft bioimplant. Directions for use (63-0016-01 Rev. 10). LifeNet Health.
Treatment Options: Supplemental Treatment Options
van Eck CF, Limpisvasti O, ElAttrache NS.
Is there a role for internal bracing and repair of the anterior cruciate ligament? a systematic literature review.
Am J Sports Med
. 2018;46(9):2291-2298. doi:10.1177/0363546517717956
Burton DA, Schaefer EJ, Shu HT, Bodendorfer BM, Argintar EH.
Primary anterior cruciate ligament repair using suture tape augmentation: a case series of 29 patients with minimum 2-year follow-up.
Arthroscopy
. 2021;37(4):1235-1241. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2020.11.034
Noonan BC, Bachmaier S, Wijdicks CA, Bedi A.
Independent suture tape reinforcement of tripled smaller-diameter and quadrupled grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with tibial screw fixation: a biomechanical full construct model.
Arthroscopy
. 2020;36(2):481-489. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.06.036
Bachmaier S, Smith PA, Bley J, Wijdicks CA.
Independent suture tape reinforcement of small and standard diameter grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a biomechanical full construct model.
Arthroscopy
. 2018;34(2):490-499. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2017.10.037
Bodendorfer BM, Michaelson EM, Shu HT, et al.
Suture augmented versus standard anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a matched comparative analysis
.
Arthroscopy
. 2019;35(7):2114-2122. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.01.054
Heusdens CHW, Hopper GP, Dossche L, Roelant E, Mackay GM.
Anterior cruciate ligament repair with independent suture tape reinforcement: a case series with 2-year follow-up.
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc
. 2019;27(1):60-67. doi:10.1007/s00167-018-5239-1
Sonnery-Cottet B, Haidar I, Rayes J, et al.
Long-term graft rupture rates after combined ACL and anterolateral ligament reconstruction versus isolated ACL reconstruction: a matched-pair analysis from the SANTI study group.
Am J Sports Med
. 2021;49(11):2889-2897. doi:10.1177/03635465211028990
Monaco E, Carrozzo A, Saithna A, et al.
Isolated ACL reconstruction versus ACL reconstruction combined with lateral extra-articular tenodesis: a comparative study of clinical outcomes in adolescent patients.
Am J Sports Med
. 2022;50(12):3244-3255. doi:10.1177/03635465221118377
FAQs
Mayo Clinic. ACL injury: symptoms & causes. Diseases & Conditions. Accessed March 26, 2025.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acl-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350738
Connolly PT, Zittel KW, Panish BJ, Rigor PD, Argintar EH.
A comparison of postoperative pain between anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and repair.
Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol
. 2021;31(7):1403-1409. doi:10.1007/s00590-020-02859-0
Vermeijden HD, van der List JP, O'Brien R, DiFelice GS.
Return to sports following arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament in the adult population
.
Knee
. 2020;27(3):906-914. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2020.04.001
Lowenstein NA, Haber DB, Ostergaard PJ, Collins JE, Matzkin EG.
All-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using quadrupled semitendinosus: comparable 2-year outcomes in male and female patients.
Arthroscopy
. 2021;37(10):3140-3148. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2021.03.077
Xerogeanes JW, Godfrey W, Gebrelul A, et al.
Clinical outcomes of all soft tissue quadriceps tendon autograft in ACL reconstruction.
Orthop J Sports Med
. 2017;5(7 suppl6):2325967117S00310. doi:10.1177/2325967117S00310
Lopes R, Klouche S, Odri G, Grimaud O, Lanternier H, Hardy P.
Does retrograde tibial tunnel drilling decrease subchondral bone lesions during ACL reconstruction? a prospective trial comparing retrograde to antegrade technique.
Knee
. 2016;23(1):111-115. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2015.09.010
Blackman AJ, Stuart MJ.
All-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
J Knee Surg
. 2014;27(5):347-352. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1381960
van Eck CF, Limpisvasti O, ElAttrache NS.
Is there a role for internal bracing and repair of the anterior cruciate ligament? a systematic literature review.
Am J Sports Med
. 2018;46(9):2291-2298. doi:10.1177/0363546517717956
Benea H, d'Astorg H, Klouche S, Bauer T, Tomoaia G, Hardy P.
Pain evaluation after all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and short term functional results of a prospective randomized study.
Knee
. 2014;21(1):102-106. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2013.09.006
Bodendorfer BM, Michaelson EM, Shu HT, et al.
Suture augmented versus standard anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a matched comparative analysis.
Arthroscopy
. 2019;35(7):2114-2122. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.01.054
Burton DA, Schaefer EJ, Shu HT, Bodendorfer BM, Argintar EH.
Primary anterior cruciate ligament repair using suture tape augmentation: a case series of 29 patients with minimum 2-year follow-up.
Arthroscopy
. 2021;37(4):1235-1241. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2020.11.034
Noonan BC, Bachmaier S, Wijdicks CA, Bedi A.
Independent suture tape reinforcement of tripled smaller-diameter and quadrupled grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with tibial screw fixation: a biomechanical full construct model.
Arthroscopy
. 2020;36(2):481-489. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.06.036
Bachmaier S, Smith PA, Bley J, Wijdicks CA.
Independent suture tape reinforcement of small and standard diameter grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a biomechanical full construct model.
Arthroscopy
. 2018;34(2):490-499. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2017.10.037
Heusdens CHW, Hopper GP, Dossche L, Roelant E, Mackay GM.
Anterior cruciate ligament repair with independent suture tape reinforcement: a case series with 2-year follow-up.
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc
. 2019;27(1):60-67. doi:10.1007/s00167-018-5239-1
Sonnery-Cottet B, Haidar I, Rayes J, et al.
Long-term graft rupture rates after combined ACL and anterolateral ligament reconstruction versus isolated ACL reconstruction: a matched-pair analysis from the SANTI study group.
Am J Sports Med
. 2021;49(11):2889-2897. doi:10.1177/03635465211028990
Monaco E, Carrozzo A, Saithna A, et al.
Isolated ACL reconstruction versus ACL reconstruction combined with lateral extra-articular tenodesis: a comparative study of clinical outcomes in adolescent patients
.
Am J Sports Med
. 2022;50(12):3244-3255. doi:10.1177/03635465221118377
Lubowitz JH, Schwartzberg R, Smith P.
Randomized controlled trial comparing all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a full tibial tunnel.
Arthroscopy
. 2013;29(7):1195-1200. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2013.04.009
Mayo Clinic. ACL injury: diagnosis & treatment. Diseases & Conditions. Accessed March 26, 2025.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acl-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350744
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